Mountain Apaches... by dali48 on HP
29.01.2014 - Mountain Apaches1 and Medicine men etc.
Mountain Apaches... by dali48 on HP
3/2010 - Interpretation of dali48
The life of the chief, shaman and Chiricahua Apache, Geronimo is on the 4th Part of the documentary series. The focus of the 5th and last part is the symbolic occupation of the place, "Wounded Knee" by members of the indigenous resistance organization AIM in 1973. Geronimo, his native name was Heeh-rooh-nee-moch, was born in 1829. He belonged to the Bedonkohe, a substrain of Mimbrenjo Apaches. He was a warrior and medicine man, and later chief of the Mountain Apaches who lived on the Rio Grande in New Mexico. 1872 his tribe was forcibly relocated to a reservation in Arizona. From there, Geronimo and his warriors made regularly campaigns of revenge and looting with Mexican and American settlers. Feared because of his brutal, even barbaric approach, but also because of his extraordinarily clever strategies, he became the main enemy of the white settlers. The filmmakers Sarah Colt and Dustin Craig retrace the life of the controversial Native American heroe. Supported by activists of the American Indian Movement (AIM), Oglala Lakotas of the Pine Ridge reservation occupied the Wounded Knee village and took 11 hostages in February 1973. By their action, the protesters were protesting against the loss of their culture and language, and the abuse of power by the mafia-like tribal chairman of Pine Ridge, Dick Wilson. Film director Stanley Nelson says in his documentary film, why the events at Wounded Knee were a turning point in the struggle of the Indians for social recognition... (ARTE, 2 / 2010)
Interpretation of dali48
Apache is the collective term for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the United States originally from the Southwest United States. These indigenous peoples of North America speak a Southern Athabaskan (Apachean) language, which is related linguistically to the languages of Athabaskan speakers of Alaska and western Canada. The modern term Apache excludes the related Navajo people. Since the Navajo and the other Apache groups are clearly related through culture and language, they are all considered Apachean. Apachean peoples formerly ranged over eastern Arizona, northern Mexico, New Mexico, west and southwest Texas and southern Colorado. The Apachería, consisted of high mountains, sheltered and watered valleys, deep canyons, deserts and the southern Great Plains...
The warfare between the Apachean peoples and Euro-Americans has led to a stereotypical focus on certain aspects of Apachean cultures. These have often been distorted through misunderstanding of their cultures, as noted by anthropologist Keith Basso: "Of the hundreds of peoples that lived and flourished in native North America, few have been so consistently misrepresented as the Apacheans of Arizona and New Mexico. Glorified by novelists, sensationalized by historians, and distorted beyond credulity by commercial film makers, the popular image of 'the Apache' - a brutish, terrifying semi-human bent upon wanton death and destruction - is almost entirely a product of irresponsible caricature and exaggeration. Indeed, there can be little doubt that the Apache has been transformed from a native American into an American legend, the fanciful and fallacious creation of a non-Indian citizenry whose inability to recognize the massive treachery of ethnic and cultural stereotypes has been matched only by its willingness to sustain and inflate them...
At the orders of the Indian Commissioner, L.E. Dudley, U.S. Army troops made the people, young and old, walk through winter-flooded rivers, mountain passes and narrow canyon trails to get to the Indian Agency at San Carlos, 180 miles (290 km) away. The trek resulted in the loss of several hundred lives. The peoples were held there in internment for 25 years while white settlers took over their land. Only a few hundred ever returned to their lands... Most United States' histories of this era report that the final defeat of an Apache band took place when 5,000 US troops forced Geronimo's group of 30 to 50 men, women and children to surrender on September 4, 1886 at Skeleton Canyon, Arizona...
In the post-war era, the US government arranged for Apache children to be taken from their families for adoption by white Americans in assimilation programs. These were similar in nature to those involving the Stolen Generations of Australia...
The most important plant food used by the Chiricahua was the Century plant (also known as mescal or agave). The crowns (the tuberous base portion) of this plant (which were baked in large underground ovens and sun-dried) and also the shoots were used. Other plants utilized by the Chiricahua include: agarita (or algerita) berries, alligator juniper berries, anglepod seeds, banana yucca (or datil, broadleaf yucca) fruit, chili peppers, chokecherries, cota (used for tea), currants, dropseed grass seeds, Gambel oak acorns, Gambel oak bark (used for tea), grass seeds (of various varieties), greens (of various varieties), hawthorne fruit, Lamb's-quarters leaves, lip ferns (used for tea), live oak acorns, locust blossoms, locust pods, maize kernels (used for tiswin), mesquite beans, mulberries, narrowleaf yucca blossoms, narrowleaf yucca stalks, nipple cactus fruit, one-seed juniper berries, onions, pigweed seeds, pinyon nuts, pitahaya fruit, prickly pear fruit, prickly pear juice, raspberries, screwbean (or tornillo) fruit, saguaro fruit, spurge seeds, strawberries, sumac (Rhus microcarpa) berries, sunflower seeds, tule rootstocks, tule shoots, pigweed tumbleweed seeds, unicorn plant seeds, walnuts, western yellow pine inner bark (used as a sweetener), western yellow pine nuts, whitestar potatoes (Ipomoea lacunosa), wild grapes, wild potatoes (Solanum jamesii), wood sorrel leaves, and yucca buds (unknown species). Other items include: honey from ground hives and hives found within agave, sotol, and narrowleaf yucca plants... Medicine men (shamans) learn the ceremonies, which can also be acquired by direct revelation to the individual (see also mysticism). Different Apachean cultures had different views of ceremonial practice. Most Chiricahua and Mescalero ceremonies were learned through the transmission of personal religious visions, while the Jicarilla and Western Apache used standardized rituals as the more central ceremonial practice. Important standardized ceremonies include the puberty ceremony (Sunrise Dance) of young women, Navajo chants, Jicarilla "long-life" ceremonies, and Plains Apache "sacred-bundle" ceremonies... (Wikipedia)
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Apache in New Mexico - Apache, Lincoln National Forest, Cloudcroft, New Mexico 88317, Vereinigte Staaten
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Apachean peoples formerly ranged over eastern Arizona, northern Mexico, New Mexico, west and southwest Texas and southern Colorado...
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