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15.01.2020 - Laing and mental dysfunction and feelings and biography and Cooper etc...

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03.06.2002 - Interpretation of dali48

Most people think that anger, depression, anxiety, insults, guilt and all the so-called negative feelings - are "natural" reactions to certain situations - Laing pointed out that "normal" people in the past 50 years (see 1914-1918, and 1939-1945, etc. - d.48) probably killed 100 million of their normal contemporaries - Fortunately, feelings are inward - most people will not realize how abnormal they are - Unfortunately, they are trying least about what they like - and they don't like what they get ... (R. D. Laing)

Interpretation of dali48

Ronald David Laing (1927–1989) was a Scottish psychiatrist who wrote extensively on mental illness – in particular, the experience of psychosis. Laing's views on the causes and treatment of serious mental dysfunction, greatly influenced by existential philosophy, ran counter to the psychiatric orthodoxy of the day - Described as clever, competitive and precocious, he studied mainly Classics, particularly philosophy, including through reading books from the local library. He was also a musician, being made an Associate of the Royal College of Music. He chose to go on to study medicine at the University of Glasgow, seemingly for a variety of reasons including wanting to face life and death - During his medical degree he set up a "Socratic Club", of which the philosopher Bertrand Russell agreed to be President. Laing failed his final exams on his first attempt, in 1950, but, after spending six months working on a psychiatric unit, passed them in a subsequent re-sit at the start of 1951 - In 1965, Laing and a group of colleagues created the Philadelphia Association and started a psychiatric community project at Kingsley Hall, where patients and therapists lived together - In October 1972, Laing met Arthur Janov, author of the popular book The Primal Scream. Though Laing found Janov modest and unassuming, he thought of him as a 'jig man' (someone who knows a lot about a little) ... - Hence, according to Laing, psychiatry was founded on a false epistemology: illness diagnosed by conduct, but treated biologically - Laing maintained that schizophrenia was "a theory not a fact"; he believed the models of genetically inherited schizophrenia being promoted by biologically based psychiatry were not accepted by leading medical geneticists - In his early life, Laing's father, David, an electrical engineer who had served in the Royal Air Force, seems often to have come to blows with his own brother, and himself had a breakdown for three months when Laing was a teenager - His mother Amelia, according to some speculation and rumour about her behavior, has been described as "psychologically peculiar" - Laing was troubled by his own personal problems, suffering from both episodic alcoholism and clinical depression, according to his self-diagnosis in a BBC Radio interview with Anthony Clare in 1983, although he reportedly was free of both in the years before his death - He died at age 61 of a heart attack while playing tennis with his colleague and friend Robert W. Firestone - Laing fathered six sons and four daughters by four women. His son Adrian, speaking in 2008, said, "It was ironic that my father became well known as a family psychiatrist, when, in the meantime, he had nothing to do with his own family" - His daughter Susan died in March 1976, aged 21, of leukemia. Adam, his oldest son by his second marriage, was found dead in May 2008, in a tent on a Mediterranean island. He had died of a heart attack, aged 41 - Then, in 1956, Gregory Bateson and his colleagues Paul Watzlawick, Donald Jackson, and Jay Haley articulated a theory of schizophrenia as stemming from double bind situations where a person receives different or contradictory messages - Laing argued that individuals can often be put in impossible situations, where they are unable to conform to the conflicting expectations of their peers, leading to a "lose-lose situation" and immense mental distress for the individuals concerned - This re-evaluation of the locus of the disease process – and consequent shift in forms of treatment – was in stark contrast to psychiatric orthodoxy - Laing was revolutionary in valuing the content of psychotic behavior and speech as a valid expression of distress - Laing never denied the existence of mental illness, but viewed it in a radically different light from his contemporaries. For Laing, mental illness could be a transformative episode whereby the process of undergoing mental distress was compared to a shamanic journey - One strand of Laing's thinking, traceable to Marx and Sartre, condemns society for shackling humankind against its will, taking away individual freedom - Left to their own devices, people are healthy, and people with so-called mental illness are just trying to find their way back to their natural state - An idea typical of his work is the following quote in his book, The Politics of Experience, "We are effectively destroying ourselves with violence masquerading as love"... (Wikipedia)

Laing, R.D. (1960) The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Laing, R.D. and Cooper, D.G. (1964) Reason and Violence: A Decade of Sartre's Philosophy. (2nd ed.) London: Tavistock Publications Ltd.

R. D. Laing
R.D. Laing Discussion forum...

Scholarly articles for Cooper, D.G. wikipedia

The language of madness - Cooper - Cited by 128
The diversity of moral thinking - Cooper - Cited by 68

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